Impact of drug-eluting stent-associated coronary artery spasm on 3-year clinical outcomes: A propensity score matching analysis

Background: It has been reported that significant endothelial dysfunction or clinically evident vasospasm can be associated with drug-eluting stents (DESs). However, the impact of DES associated coronary artery spasm (CAS) on long-term clinical outcomes has not been fully elucidated as compared with those of patients with vasospastic angina. Methods: A total of 2797 consecutive patients without significant coronary artery lesion (<70%), who underwent the Acetylcholine (Ach) provocation test, were enrolled between Nov 2004 and Oct 2010. DES-associated spasm was defined as significant CAS in proximal or distal to previously implanted DES site at follow-up angiography with Ach test. Patients were divided into two groups (DES-CAS; n ¼ 108, CAS; n ¼ 1878). For adjustment, propensity score matching (PSM) was done (C-statistics ¼ 0.766, DESCAS; n ¼ 102, CAS; n ¼ 102). SPSS 20 (Inc., Chicago, Illinois) was used to analyze this data. Results: Baseline characteristics were worse in the DES-CAS group. After PSM, both baseline characteristics and the Ach test results were balanced except higher incidence of diffuse CAS and ECG change in the DES-CAS group. During Ach test, the incidence of diffuse spasm (93.1% vs. 81.3%, p ¼ 0.012) and ST-T change (10.7% vs. 1.9%, p ¼ 0.010) were higher in the DES-CAS group. At 3-year, before and after adjustment, the DES-CAS group showed a higher incidence of coronary revascularization (9.8% vs. 0.0%, p ¼ 0.001), recurrent chest pain requiring follow up coronary angiography (CAG, 24.5% vs. 7.8%, p ¼ 0.001) and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs, 9.8% vs. 0.9%, p < 0.005). Conclusion: In this study, DES associated CAS was associated with higher incidence of diffuse spasm, ST-T change and adverse 3-year clinical outcomes. Special caution should be exercised in this particular subset of patients.

Review of pharmacological studies of Mongolian medicine Usnea longissima Ach / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Lichen is a stable symbiotic complex formed by fungi and symbiotic algae. There are many kinds of lichens, which are cold and drought resistant, and have strong adaptability to the environment. Lichens can grow and reproduce in places where other organisms are difficult to survive. Apart from their ecological importance, they have become important natural medicinal resources due to the production of a large number of unique secondary metabolites (depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, pulvinic acid derivatives) and pigments (anthraquinones, napthoquinones, and xanthones) which can act as biomarkers as well as bioactive compounds. <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i>. is a hanging hair lichen, that grows circumpolar in high humidity inland areas and coastal forests of Europe, Asia, and North America. This lichen has been used therapeutically for centuries in Mongolian traditional systems of medicine for its analgesic, cardiotonic, stomachic, and wound healing properties. Recently, many scholars have studied the chemical constituents and biological activities of <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> and its related varieties, and obtained gratifying results. Previous studies on its chemical constituents have resulted in isolation of several bioactive secondary metabolites which include monosubstituted phenyls, depsides, anthraquinones, dibenzofuran derivatives, and terpenoids. In order to understand the clinical application and devote to the deeper scientific research and development, the pharmacological literature of <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> was sorted out in this study. @*Methods@#Collect and sort out the modern periodical literature and the related pharmacological studies of Usnea longissima Ach in academic websites. @*Result and Conclusion@#The pharmacological studies of Mongolian medicine <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> were studied in this paper. <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> has a long history of medicinal use, which is recorded in the traditional medical materials of Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygurs, Tai and other ethnic minorities, as well as traditional Chinese medicine. According to the records, different nationalities in different countries have their own traditional medical theories as the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. Previous studies on its chemical constituents have resulted in isolation of several bioactive secondary metabolites which include monosubstituted phenyls, depsides, anthraquinones, dibenzofuran derivatives, and terpenoids. The <i>Usnea longissima Ach</i> tastes bitter and it has the function of anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer and detoxification effects. But it requires further study such as extract, isolate, and analyze the more chemical ingredients and its pharmacological activity.

Acetylcholine protects high glucose-induced H9c2 cell injury by inhibiting autophagy / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on high glucose (HG)-induced cardiomyocytes injury. Methods H9c2 cells were treated with HG for 72 h to establish a model of HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury. The experiment was divided into control, HG group, HG + ACh(10~4 nmol • L"1) group, HG + ACh+ AICAR (0.5 nmol • L"1) group, HG + ACh + Rap(50 nmol • L'1) group, and HG+3-MA (2 mmol • L"1 ) group. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT and ATP assay. The expressions of autophagy, apopto-sis and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. The number of autophagosomes in each group was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results Compared with control group, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I , p-AMPK/AMPK decreased (P < 0. 05), and the ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR and Bax/Bcl-2 increased in HG group (P <0. 05). Compared with HG group, the activity of cardiomyocytes in HG + ACh group increased, the ratio of LC3-D/LC3-I , p-AMPK/AMPK, Bax/Bcl-2 decreased (P < 0.05), the ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR increased (P < 0. 05 ) , and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 decreased in HG + 3-MA group. Compared with HG + ACh group, the p-AMPK/AMPK and p-mTOR/mTOR increased in HG + ACh + AICAR group (P < 0. 05 ) , LC3-U/LC3-1 was elevated ( P < 0. 05 ) , and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 increased in HG + ACh + Rap group. Conclusions ACh inhibits autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway to protect HG-induced cardiomyocytes injury.

Effects of chemokine CCL2 on learning memory in rats and its mechanisms / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the role of chemokine CC motif ligand 2(CCL2) in leaning memory of rats and its mechanisms. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups, namely, control, sham, CCL2(0.5, 5, 50 ng) group. Except control group, stereotaxic technique was used in this study to perform bilateral hippocampal injection. Mor-ris water maze ( MWM ) was employed to assess the learning and memory ability of rats from day 3 to day 8. Hippocampus was removed on the 10th day. qPCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression of caspase-8, caspase-3 and phosphate-activated glutami-nase(PAG). ELISA was used to calculate the content of tumor necrosis factor a ( TNF- A ) , acetylcholine (AChE) and the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS). Results Compared to sham group, the latency and swimming distance in each CCL2-treated group were significantly extended, and the crossing times and the percentage of distance in target quadrant of each CCL2-treated group were shorter; the relative mRNA expression of caspase-8, caspase-3 and PAG in each CCL2-treated group were higher than those of sham group; each CCL2-treated group had elevated expression of TNF-a and AChE while the activity of GS in each group decreased. Conclusions CCL2 can impair learning and memory in rats, which may involve in-flammation, excitotoxicity, decreased ACh expression and mediated cell apoptosis.

Methanolic extract of Rhinella schneideri (Anura: Bufonidae) poison causes ultrastructural changes in nerve terminals of phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations in mice / Extracto metanólico de Rhinella schneideri (Anura: Bufonidae) causa cambios ultraestructurales en las terminaciones nerviosas de preparaciones de nervio frénico de ratón

Abstract Rhinella schneideri (or Bufo paracnemis), popularly known in Brazil as cururu toad, is also found in other countries in South America. The cardiovascular effects of this poison are largely known and recently was shown that it is capable to affect the neuromuscular junction on avian and mice isolated preparation. In this work, we used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the motor nerve terminal and postsynaptic junctional folds of phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations incubated for either 5 or 60 min with the methanolic extract of R. schneideri (50 µg/mL). In addition, the status of the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) was examined by TRITC-α-bungarotoxin immunofluorescence location at the endplate membrane. The results show that 5 min of incubation with the gland secretion extract significantly decreased (32 %) the number of synaptic vesicles into the motor nerve terminal, but did not decrease the electron density on the top of the junctional folds where nicotinic receptors are concentrated; however, 60 min of incubation led to significant nerve terminal reloading in synaptic vesicles whereas the AChR immunoreactivity was not as marked as in control and after 5 min incubation. Muscle fibers were well-preserved but intramuscular motor axons were not. The findings corroborated pharmacological data since the decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles (5 min) followed by recovery (60 min) is in accordance with the transient increase of MEPPs frequency meaning increased neurotransmitter release. These data support the predominant presynaptic mode of action of the R. schneideri, but do not exclude the possibility of a secondary postsynaptic action depending on the time the preparation is exposed to poison. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1290-1297. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Rhinella schneideri (o Bufo paracnemis), conocido popularmente en Brasil como sapo cururu, también se encuentra en otros países de América del Sur. Los efectos cardiovasculares de este veneno son ampliamente conocidos y recientemente se demostró que es capaz de afectar la unión neuromuscular en la preparación aislada de aves y ratones. En este trabajo, utilizamos microscopía electrónica de transmisión para investigar la ultraestructura de la terminación nerviosa motora y pliegues de unión postsináptica de preparaciones de nervio frénico-hemidiafragma incubadas durante 5 o 60 min con el extracto metanólico de R. schneideri (50 μg/mL). Además, se examinó el estado de los receptores de acetilcolina (AChR) mediante la ubicación de inmunofluorescencia de TRITC-α-bungarotoxina en la membrana de la placa terminal. Los resultados muestran que 5 min de incubación con el extracto de secreción de glándula disminuyeron significativamente (32 %) el número de vesículas sinápticas en el terminal del nervio motor, pero no disminuyeron la densidad electrónica en la parte superior de los pliegues de unión donde se concentran los receptores nicotínicos. Sin embargo, 60 min de incubación condujeron a una recarga significativa de los terminales nerviosos en las vesículas sinápticas, mientras que la inmunorreactividad del AChR no fue tan marcada como en el control y después de 5 min de incubación. Las fibras musculares estaban bien conservadas, pero los axones motores intramusculares no. Los hallazgos corroboraron los datos farmacológicos ya que la disminución en el número de vesículas sinápticas (5 min) seguida de recuperación (60 min) está de acuerdo con el aumento transitorio de la frecuencia de MEPPs, lo que significa una mayor liberación de neurotransmisores. Estos datos apoyan el modo de acción presináptico predominante de R. schneideri, pero no excluyen la posibilidad de una acción postsináptica secundaria dependiendo del tiempo en que la preparación esté expuesta al veneno.

Effects of Jinqi Zhizhu Decoction on Gastric Motility of GK Rats with Diabetic Gastroparesis / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of Jinqi Zhizhu Decoction (JQZZD) on gastric motility of GK rats with diabetic gastroparesis (DGP); To discuss its mechanism of action. Methods 12 out of 80 male GK rats were randomly selected as normal group, and others were induced to be DGP model by irregular feeding with high sugar and high fat diet for 8 weeks. The model rats were randomly divided into model group, positive medicine group, JQZZD low-, medium-, and high-dose groups. All rats were given continuous intragastric administration for 12 weeks. The residual rate of pigment in stomach was detected and calculated. The concentration of DA, ACh and 5-HT in plasma were detected by ELISA. The morphological changes of gastric antrum were observed by HE staining. The ultrastructure of mucous layer of gastric antrum was observed by transmission electron microscope. The protein expressions of Rho A, ROCK1 and ROCK2 were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with normal group, the residual rate of pigment in model group increased, while DA, ACh and 5-HT, relative amount of protein expressions of Rho A, ROCK1 and ROCK2 decreased (P＜0.01). Compared with model group, the residual rate of pigment in positive medicine group and JQZZD high-dose group decreased, while DA, ACh and 5-HT, relative amount of protein expressions of Rho A, ROCK1 and ROCK2 increased (P＜0.05, P＜0.01), and morphological changes and ultrastructure of mucous layer obviously improved. There was no significant differences in the residual rate of pigment, DA content and protein expressions of Rho A, ROCK1 and ROCK2 between positive medicine group and JQZZD high-dose group (P＞0.05). Compared with JQZZD low-dose group, the residual rate of pigment in JQZZD high-dose group decreased, while DA, ACh and 5-HT, relative amount of protein expressions of Rho A, ROCK1 and ROCK2 increased (P＜0.05, P＜0.01). Conclusion JQZZD may improve gastric motility, promote gastric emptying, and improve and repair damage of mucous membrane in the gastric antrum. All of these may be related to regulating protein expressions of Rho A/ROCK signal pathway.

Research on relationship between abnormal regulation of histone acetylation and depression in rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the role of histone acetyla-tion and its involvement in the depression-like behav-iors of rats induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS ). Methods Thirty male Sprague Dawley (SD ) rats were randomly divided into control group and model group.The method of solitary condition with CUS for consecutive 28 days was used to establish the rat depression model.The open-field test (OFT)and the forced swimming test (FST)were used to evaluate the depressive behaviors of rats;the real time PCR was used to detect the change of HDAC2 mRNA, and Western blot was used to determine the protein expres-sions of H3,H4,acH3 and acH4 in the prefrontal cor-tex and hippocampus of rats.Results Model group showed obvious depression-like behaviors with decrea-sing locomotive activity in OFT (P <0.01 )and in-creasing immobility time in FST (P<0.01),up-regu-lating the mRNA and protein expression of HDAC2 (P<0.0 1 ),and down-regulating the protein expression of acH3 and acH4 (P<0.01)in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus significantly,compared with control group.Conclusion The mechanism of depressive be-haviors of rats induced by CUS may be associated with down-regulating the level of histone acetylation modifi-cation.

Application of the fluorescence quantitative method to detect the integrated HIV DNA in the clinical study / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To establish fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect integrated HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@*Methods@#A total of 30 HIV-seropositve individuals were enrolled in this study, including 10 subjects with a detection limit of 20 copies/ml of plasma, 10 patients with drug resistance and 10 patients with no history of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Cultivated ACH2 cells carried a single copy of the integrated HIV genome. We have built pMD19T-CD3 plasmid and calculated the copy number. We used oligonucleotides ULF1 specific for the long terminal repeats (LTR) regions and two oliligonucleotides specific for human Alu sequences to pre-amplified the integrated HIV DNA. Samples and serial dilutions of ACH2 cells were all pre-amplified, the products of which were used for the second round fluorescence amplifications. The Lambda T primers, UR2 primers and HIV Taqman probes were used for second round amplifications in integrated HIV DNA assay. The CD3IN5 primers, CD3IN3 primers and CD3 Taqman probes were used for CD3 quantification.@*Results@#Serial 5-fold dilutions of the plasmid were used as standards for CD3 gene quantifications. The equation of the linear regression was y=-2.731x+ 43.01(R2=0.953). The cellular input was quantified by number of human genome equivalents (CD3 gene, 2 copies/cell). The copies of ACH2 cells was 4.271×104, which was the cellular input of the ACH2 cells. Serial 5-fold dilutions of ACH2 cells were used to generate a standard curve for the integrated HIV DNA assays. The equation of the linear regression was y=-3.146x+ 39.11 (R2=0.968). The ratio between the number of copies of the integrated HIV DNA form and the number of cells (CD3 copies) was calculated to obtain the frequency of cells. Based on the test between different groups, each group had no difference (P> 0.05).@*Conclusions@#This method presented advantage in detection of the lower copies of virus. It hinted that the current antiretroviral therapy can not effectively attack against latent viral reservoirs. It also provided a basis for new therapeutic intervention.

The current agonists and positive allosteric modulators of7 nAChR for CNS indications in clinical trials

The alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (7 nAChR), consisting of homomeric7 subunits, is a ligand-gated Ca-permeable ion channel implicated in cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Enhancement of7 nAChR function is considered to be a potential therapeutic strategy aiming at ameliorating cognitive deficits of neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Currently, a number of7 nAChR modulators have been reported and several of them have advanced into clinical trials. In this brief review, we outline recent progress made in understanding the role of the7 nAChR in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders and the pharmacological effects of7 nAChR modulators used in clinical trials.

Myasthenia Gravis.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a relatively rare neurological disease that is associated with the loss of the acetylcholine receptors that initiate muscle contraction. This results in muscle weakness, which can be life threatening. MG results from antibody-mediated, T cell-dependent immunologic attack on the end-plate region of the postsynaptic membrane. Management must be individualized, and may include symptomatic treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and immune modulation with corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil. Rapid, temporary improvement may be achieved for myasthenic crises and exacerbations with plasma exchange (PEX) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Prognosis is good due to improved diagnostic testing, immunotherapy, and intensive care.

Seasonal acclimation in sudomotor function evaluated by QSART in healthy humans

The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing (QSART) is a classic test of routine postganglionic sudomotor function. We investigated sudomotor function by QSART after summer (July 2012) and winter (January 2013) seasonal acclimation (SA) in the Republic of Korea. QSART with acetylcholine (ACh) iontophoresis were performed to determine directly activated (DIR) and axon reflex-mediated (AXR1, 2) sweating rate. Onset time of axon reflex, activated sweat gland density (ASGD), activated sweat gland output (ASGO), tympanic and skin temperatures (T(ty), T(sk)), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and evaporative loss volume changes were measured. Tympanic and mean body temperature (T(b); calculated from T(ty), T(sk)) were significantly lower after summer-SA than that of winter-SA. Sweat onset time was delayed during winter-SA compared to that after summer-SA. BMR, AXR(1), AXR(2), and DIR sweat rates, ASGD and ASGO, and evaporative loss volume were significantly diminished after winter-SA relative to after summer-SA. In conclusion, changes in sweating activity measured by QSART confirmed the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in variation of sudomotor activity in seasonal acclimation.

Review of Catalpol’s pleiotropic signaling pathways / 中国药理学通报

Catalpol is a kind of iridoid,which has wide pharma-cological activities,including anti-cerebral ischemia,improving senile dementia,anti-inflammation,inhibiting capillary permea-bility,relieving pain,anti-tumor,antidiarrheal,reducing blood sugar level,protecting liver,and anti-aging.The mechanisms of Catalpol effects have been well studied.Signaling pathways in-clude NF-κB signaling pathway,PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, BDNF /TrkB signaling pathway,JAK2 /STAT3 /angiogenesis sig-naling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway,TGF-β/Smad signa-ling pathway,and ACh signaling pathway.We reviewed related signaling pathways of Catalpol effects,in order to broaden the understanding of molecular mechanism and signaling pathways of Catalpol,to know the status of catalpol,and to provide new di-rection to study Catalpol.

Near-infrared fluorescent probes for imaging of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer׳s disease

One of the early pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. There has been a tremendous interest in the development of Aβ plaques imaging probes for early diagnosis of AD in the past decades. Optical imaging, particularly near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, has emerged as a safe, low cost, real-time, and widely available technique, providing an attractive approach for in vivo detection of Aβ plaques among many different imaging techniques. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the state-of-the-art development of NIRF Aβ probes and their in vitro and in vivo applications with special focus on design strategies and optical, binding, and brain-kinetic properties.

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by two genistein derivatives: kinetic analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation

In this study two genistein derivatives (G1 and G2) are reported as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and differences in the inhibition of AChE are described. Although they differ in structure by a single methyl group, the inhibitory effect of G1 (IC50=264 nmol/L) on AChE was 80 times stronger than that of G2 (IC50=21,210 nmol/L). Enzyme-kinetic analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to better understand the molecular basis for this difference. The results obtained by kinetic analysis demonstrated that G1 can interact with both the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site of AChE. The predicted binding free energies of two complexes calculated by the molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) method were consistent with the experimental data. The analysis of the individual energy terms suggested that a difference between the net electrostatic contributions (ΔE ele+ΔG GB) was responsible for the binding affinities of these two inhibitors. Additionally, analysis of the molecular mechanics and MM/GBSA free energy decomposition revealed that the difference between G1 and G2 originated from interactions with Tyr124, Glu292, Val294 and Phe338 of AChE. In conclusion, the results reveal significant differences at the molecular level in the mechanism of inhibition of AChE by these structurally related compounds.

The roles of catecholamine in cardiac injury after severe acute dichlorvos poisoning / 中华急诊医学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the role of catecholamine in genesis of myocardium injury after organophosphorus poisoning (OP) in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of OP-induced cardiotoxicity.Methods Of 92 patients with severe acute dichlorvos poisoning,41 were consecutively enrolled for study and followed up for three months. The levels of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme myocardium (CK-MB),cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnI),acetylcholinesterase (AChE),acetylcholine (Ach),epinephrine and norepinephrine were assayed on the 1st,3rd and 5th days after admission and on the day of discharge.Electrocardiography was recorded every day after admission.ResultsOf them,37 (90.2％ )patients survived and four ( 9.8％ ) patients died during treatment.Sinus tachycardia was found in 37 (90.2％ ) patients and ST-T changes in 33 (80.4％ ) patients.CK-MB and cTnI levels peaked 3 days after admission,and then decreased to normal levels.Serum Ach,epinephrine and norepinephrine peaked on the 1st day after admission and then decreased.ConclusionsSevere acute dichlorvos poisoning is associated with myocardial dysfunction likely caused by increase in catecholamine levels.

Heat Acclimatization in Hot Summer for Ten Weeks Suppress the Sensitivity of Sweating in Response to Iontophoretically-administered Acetylcholine

To determine the peripheral mechanisms involved in thermal sweating during the hot summers in July before acclimatization and after acclimatization in September, we evaluated the sweating response of healthy subjects (n=10) to acetylcholine (ACh), a primary neurotransmitter involved in peripheral sudomotor sensitivity. The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) measures sympathetic C fiber function after iontophoresed ACh evokes a measurable reliable sweat response. The QSART, at 2 mA for 5 min with 10% ACh, was applied to determine the directly activated (DIR) and axon reflex-mediated (AXR) sweating responses during ACh iontophoresis. The AXR sweat onset-time by the axon reflex was 1.50+/-0.32 min and 1.84+/-0.46 min before acclimatization in July and after acclimatization in September, respectively (p<0.01). The sweat volume of the AXR(1) [during 5 min 10% iontophoresis] by the axon reflex was 1.45+/-0.53 mg/cm2 and 0.98+/-0.24 mg/cm2 before acclimatization in July and after acclimatization in September, respectively (p<0.001). The sweat volume of the AXR(2) [during 5 min post-iontophoresis] by the axon reflex was 2.06+/-0.24 mg/cm2 and 1.39+/-0.32 mg/cm2 before and after acclimatization in July and September, respectively (p<0.001). The sweat volume of the DIR was 5.88+/-1.33 mg/cm2 and 4.98+/-0.94 mg/cm2 before and after acclimatization in July and September, respectively (p<0.01). These findings suggest that lower peripheral sudomotor responses of the ACh receptors are indicative of a blunted sympathetic nerve response to ACh during exposure to hot summer weather conditions.

Dynamic changes of plasma cardiac troponin-I and its clinical significance in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective: discussion to the dynamic change of Serum cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTn-Ⅰ) and the diagnostic value to the myocardial damage from patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage (ACH).Methods: study a group of 98 ACH patients; Serum cTn-I is measured in 98 patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage (ACH) at 24 h, 72 h,7 d,14 d after the outbreak;Measure the nervous impairment when admission to hospital and divide it into mild, medium and heavy according to the dysfunction of nervous system;compare a group of 98 healthy physical testers and check their Serum cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTn-Ⅰ) levels.Results: Serum cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTn-Ⅰ) levels from 98 ACH patients at 24 h, 72 h,7 d after the outbreak are distinctly higher than that from 98 ACH patients at 14 d and 98 healthy physical testers (P0.05);the higher the nervous impairment score in NIHSS is,the higher the cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTn-Ⅰ) level is. The three cTn-I levels are distinctly meaningful when compared at 24 h,72 h,7 d after the outbreak(P

Effects of Pine Needle Butanol Fraction on Acetylcholine (ACh) and Its Related Enzymes in Brain of Rats

This study was designed to investigate the effects of buthanol (BuOH) fraction of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) needle on cholesterol and lipofuscin (LF) accumulations, acetylcholine (ACh) and its related enzyme activities such as choline acetyltransferase (CAhT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and monoamone oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity, which destroyed the catecholamine-related neurotransmitters in brain membranes of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group) or experimental diets (BuOH-25, BuOH-50 and BuOH-100) for 45 days. Cholesterol accumulations in mitochondria and microsomes were significantly inhibited (about 14 - 17% and 23 - 34%, respectvely) in BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups, whereas LF levels were significantly inhibited (about 10 - 14%) in BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups compared with control group. ACh levels and ChAT activities were significantly increased (about 11 - 17% and 11 - 23%, respectively) in membranes of BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups compared with control group. AChE activities were significantly increased (about 14 - 17%) in membranes of BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups. There was no significant difference in MAO-B activities between control and experimental diet groups. The results suggest that butanol fraction of pine needle may play an effective role in an antiaging effect and improving a learning and memory impairments.

Relationship between vasodilatation effect of daidzein and vascular endothelium / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the relationship between the vasodilatation effects of daidzein and M-receptor in the endothelial cell, extracellular Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+.Methods Measurement of isometric force of rabbit thoracic aortae rings was performed. Results Dai(3～100 ?mol?L-1 ) significantly inhibited the contractive response of phenyleohrine dependent on intracellular Ca2+ release and extracellular Ca2+ inflow;a shift was produced to the right of the concentration-effect curve of KCl and the maximum response was depressed by Dai(10～100 ?mol?L~ -1 ); Dai(10,30,100 ?mol?L-1 ) enhanced the relaxing effect induced by acetylcholine in a concentration-dependent manner,but the relaxing effect was inhibited after using atropine to block the M-receptor. Conclusion The relaxing effect of Dai was related to the inhibition of the receptor-mediated Ca2+ -influx and Ca2+-release;Dai induced direct relaxing effect by activating the M-receptor in the endothelium and releasing EDRF, which was similar to ACh, and this effect was endothelium-dependent.

Effects of ACh on Voltage-dependent Outwardly Rectifying Potassium Currents in Isolated Outer Hair Cells in Cochlea of Guinea Pig / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To observe the effect of ACh on outwardly rectifying potassium currents in isolated outer hair cells(OHCs) with variant length and to analyze effects of ACII on kinetics of the currents. Methods The whole cell patch-clamp technique was used. Results 100 ?mol/L ACh induced greater effects on outwardly rectifying potassium currents in short OHCs. The maximal amplitude of the outward currents increased by 34.8% in the presence of 100 ?mol/L ACII when conditioning potential was 50 mV. ACh effects on the peak currents were greater when compared to the effects on the steady-state currents and changed the shapes of the currents. ACII caused a hyperpolarizing shift of zero current potential of 5 mV. Kinetics of the currents were changed by 100 ?mol/L ACh which induced significantly more hyperpolarizing than control, with increased potential sensitivity of activation, V1/2(Ach) =(-52.38 ? 3.98) mV, SACh =(40 ? 4.14) mV(n= 5). Conclusion ACh increased the conductance of outwardly rectifying K + channel in a voltage dependent manner and caused a hyperpolarizing shift of activation potential. Effect of ACh was to hyperpolarize the membrane potential of OHCs from rest.